May 18, 2021 — A converging trifecta of national disruptive threats – pandemic, cyber attacks, and a rising authoritarian China – is draining the wealth, political harmony, and international influence of today’s consolidated democracies. The result is a more palpably apparent decline in the likely future of democracy as the preferred regime alternative world-wide. The collective dismay and frustration may, however, offer a rarely open door for better postures for democracies in facing a more, not less, turbulent future. This article makes three arguments about a new and more accurate characterization of the coming world as Great Systems Conflict, a list of minimal must-do actions for systemic resilience, and the collective structures critical for resilient democracies over the long-term. The article ends with a discussion of two examples of structures meant to build cybered resilience for allied national systems—domestically in the National Cyber Security Centre equivalents and across consolidated democracies in a Cyber Operational Resilience Alliance. MORE
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May 18, 2021 — This article argues that the disruption of the coronavirus was a critical opportunity among states to draw compelling narratives and consequently negotiate their power status and level of influence based on their management of the outbreak. This argument will be explored through the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at the height of the pandemic. The article investigates the evolution of the CCP’s information warfare as an asymmetric capability from its early days of technological inferiority towards its ascendancy to great power status. It highlights the breakthrough of Chinese app TikTok in the US-dominated social media landscape and its potential impact in expanding China’s strategic narrative. Using the proposed analytical tools—assets, tactics, and narratives—this article examines the whole of CCP approach aimed to shape the narrative in China’s favor following the global outcry from its lack of transparency during the early stages of the pandemic set against the backdrop of its deepening strategic rivalry with the US. It concludes that the CCP will continue to capitalize on information warfare to promote the superiority of the Chinese model amid the eruption of unexpected global crises while depicting the decline of the Western-centric order. MORE
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May 18, 2021 — Immunity to the cybersecurity risks and potential hazards presented using biomedical devices. US Military and civilian personnel use these devices on the Homefront and battlefield. As the use of biomedical devices increases with time and blurs the lines between private and professional, more attention is required of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to understand the strategic importance of securing biomedical devices. This work provides a better understanding of biomedical devices and analyzes current use of biomedical devices within DoD. It also provides recommendations on actions DoD can undertake to safeguard its workforce today and in the near future. This article examines the significance of cybersecurity for biomedical devices within the context of US national security and demonstrates the important role biomedical cybersecurity plays for DoD. MORE
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May 18, 2021 — The study of the factors involved in the initiation of violent interstate conflicts has been well documented within international relations. However, scholars have yet to analyze the factors associated with the initiation of international state-sponsored cyberattacks due to the lack of available data. This study is a first attempt to address this limitation. This project examines the political, economic, and military factors associated with the initiation of state-sponsored cyberattacks from 2005–2012, using a unique dataset that incorporates author-collected political, economic, and military data, along with cyber data on known state-sponsored cyberattacks extracted from the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) Cyber Operations Tracker Dataset. With this unique dataset, we seek to better understand those states most likely to cyberattack other states. MORE
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May 18, 2021 — This review discusses the content and implications of Margaret E. Roberts’ book, Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China’s Great Firewall, (Princeton University Press, April 2018), beginning with the author’s background, and followed with a by-chapter breakdown and conclusion. This review also evaluates Roberts’ ability to deconstruct false assumptions about authoritarian censorship in the digital age. While information is more widespread and accessible now than ever, it also comes with greater vulnerability to the weaponization of disinformation in the cyber domain. Although some of China's dystopian cyber censorship follow conventional wisdom while other features are radically different from conventional wisdom. Liberal democracy advocates must brace for China’s integrated model of “porous censorship” to rapidly proliferate. MORE
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March 15, 2021 — As 2020 was ending, there was a good deal of “Glad this year is over!” humor across social media. Of course, 2020 was unique with a global pandemic, but I think we all realize that the difference between the last day of 2020 and the first day of 2021 was not much more than a single rotation of the Earth. Most of the conditions between one moment to the next have not substantially changed.
However, one thing that is changing is an increasing awareness of the threat of cyber infiltration and attacks. Being a U.S. Presidential election year served as a focal point for cybersecurity, despite little evidence of disruption through electronic means. Instead, we learned of infiltration across vast amounts of industry and the United States Government (USG).
The SolarWinds attack highlighted the pervasiveness of threats across organizations and networks. With over 250-plus government agencies and businesses affected, it is becoming clear that no organization is safe.[1] Considering the reports that the intrusion occurred as early as March/April 2020, it highlights the challenges of maintaining and defending networks. Simply put, by the time you discover the threat, it is already too late. Instead, increasing situational awareness ahead of time becomes even more critical.
To that end, The Cyber Defense Review Winter edition presents a great collection of authors from across the global community. We hope that these articles will expand your understanding of the challenges we face with respect to cyberspace while also providing recommendations on how to mitigate these issues.
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March 15, 2021 — The advent of fifth generation (5G) wireless technology represents new global opportunities and risks that must be considered in the context of reemerging long term strategic competition with China and Russia, which are intent on shaping a world consistent with their authoritarian models.[1] To deal with this challenge, several bodies – notably the Defense Science Board (DSB), the Defense Innovation Board (DIB), and the European Commission (EC) – have recently offered recommendations on how leaders of large organizations, including nation-states in the case of the EC recommendations, should adopt and field this new communications technology. This article evaluates these recommendations to synthesize a possible way ahead for the Department of Defense (DoD); however, DoD cannot do this alone. A whole-of-nation approach is required for the United States to lead global change and gain the “first-mover” advantage. MORE
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March 15, 2021 — We believe there is a lack of a coherent Cyber Conflict Theory with adequate
descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive capacities. We attribute this shortfall to the fact that the study of Cyber Conflict falls into two largely separate camps: International Relations and Information Security. International Relations experts study the phenomenon mostly using traditional conflict analysis models derived from the theory of conflict. On the other hand, Information Security experts focus on the tactical details of how cyber-attacks are conducted, but they are usually not involved in
International Relations studies. The objective of this paper is to bridge this gap by linking the types of cyber-attacks both to their military consequences and their broader strategic consequences. To achieve this, we use Fearon’s Bargaining Model of War to analyze the impact that offensive cyber operations have on the probability of winning a war, the cost of war, and the risk of war. We identify three types of cyber operations: Extraction, Modification, and Denial of Service. Our model shows that these three types of cyber operations may have significant impacts on the risk of war and the outcomes of war at the strategic and tactical levels.
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March 15, 2021 — Foreign influence operations are an acknowledged threat to national security. Less understood is the data that enables that influence. This article argues that governments must recognize microtargeting—data informed individualized targeted advertising—and the current advertising economy as enabling and profiting from foreign and domestic information warfare being waged on its citizens. The Department of Defense must place greater emphasis on defending servicemembers’ digital privacy as a national security risk. Without the ability to defend this vulnerable attack space, our adversaries will continue to target it for exploitation. MORE
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March 15, 2021 — For approximately thirty years an unanswered question has hung over the military enterprise of nation-states: As the digital information age progresses, should we construct a military for the information age, or should we construct an information age military? The former would be an old enterprise applying new tools to its roles and missions. The latter would be a new enterprise. The new tools would not only alter the roles and missions the military prosecutes; they would alter the primary purposeful activity of the modern military. The short answer is that militaries and the national security communities that support them have hedged, wary of the uncertainty which comes with complex change. Into this gap has grown a new type of insecurity – a type not confined to military affairs and national security but society-wide – which open societies in particular are yet to fully understand and, thus to develop an appropriate response. The formulation of an appropriate response ties directly back to the thirty-year question. The response, where it exists, is decidedly fragmented. MORE
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