The recent cyberattacks against Colonial Pipeline and Solar Winds in the United States, the Health Service Executive in Ireland, and extensive and ongoing cyber activity in Ukraine highlight the continuing threats and complex security needs of our interdependent societies. Such operations and attacks are conducted by states that do not claim to possess offensive cyber capabilities, such as Russia and China, or by sophisticated cybercriminal gangs who commonly deploy ransomware, particularly with “hack and leak” operations, to generate an enormous amount of revenue. In response, many states have developed cyber capabilities to address the growing insecurity of states, their citizens, and various communities, with varying degrees of success and organization. Thus, as states have been establishing more assertive responses to malicious cyber activities through offensive cyber forces or units of their own, there has been a concurrent development of connecting this with broader cyber security, resilience, and capacity building, often around the pursuit and projection of cyber power.
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